Patrick Henry   The American political leader Patrick Henry was the most celebrated orator of the American Revolution. He was born on May 29, 1736, in Hanover County, Virginia. Henry failed as both a storekeeper and a farmer before being admitted to the Virginia bar in 1760. However, he won fame in 1763 after his impassioned pleading in the Parsons' Cause, a case in which he defended the right of the colony to fix the price of the tobacco in which the clergy were paid, despite a contrary ruling from London.

When Henry entered the House of Burgesses in 1765, he and Richard Henry Lee successfully compelled the entrenched oligarchy to share power with them. Henry's effectiveness as an orator gave him a commanding influence in the legislature throughout his life. After the passage of the Stamp Act (1765) he introduced a set of radical resolutions denouncing the British Parliament's usurpation of powers vested in the colonial legislature, which alone had the power to tax. He supported the resolves in a speech ending "Caesar had his Brutus--Charles the first his Cromwell--and George III--may he profit from their example." Widely circulated throughout the colonies, the resolves made Henry famous. Henry was the focal point of Virginia's opposition to British policy. When the royal governor, Lord Dunmore, dissolved the Virginia legislature after the closing of the port of Boston in 1774, Henry organized a rump session of the legislature, which met in the Raleigh Tavern in Williamsburg. It issued an invitation to the other colonies to send delegates to a Continental Congress. As a member of the Congress, Henry was an outspoken advocate of strong measures of resistance. At a meeting of the Virginia assembly (right) in Richmond on Mar. 23, 1775, he called on the colonists to arm themselves, with the words: " . . . as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!" Soon after, he led the militia of Hanover to force Governor Dunmore to surrender munitions belonging to the colony.

"The Speech"
Virginia Revolutionary Convention
St. John's Church, Richmond, Virginia
March 23rd, 1775

Virginia's Revolutionary Convention met at St. John's Church in Richmond on March 20, 1775, to approve what had been accomplished in Philadelphia, and the prevailing mood was one of self-satisfaction.  The colony's patriots were sure that Britain would bend.  Richerd Henry Lee was sure that their appeals to England, combined with a threat of a trade embargo, would lead the king's ministers to send back their capitulation by the next ship.  Patrick Henry was less hopeful, but he seemed to be in the minority. The convention had been underway three days when Patrick Henry shattered their complacency.  He proposed to prepare the Virginia militia to defend the colony in case of war, and Thomas Jefferson was forced to admire Henry's foresight, although he still found the man something of a trial. With the outbreak of the Revolution, Henry became commander in chief of the Virginia troops, but he was prevented from actively exercising his command by state leaders who considered him too erratic. He continued in the legislature, fostering the move for independence and helping draft the first state constitution. In June 1776 he was elected governor. In this position, which he held till 1779, he vigorously supported the war effort, dispatching George Rogers Clark to secure the western regions. After the war Henry's influence in the legislature tended to be sporadic because of his habit of leaving before the end of the session. He astonished his contemporaries by advocating state support of religion and amnesty for Loyalists. Henry served as governor again from 1784 to 1786 but declined to attend the Constitutional Convention of 1787. An ardent supporter of state rights, he led the Virginia opposition to ratification of the federal Constitution, losing the vote by a small margin. His hostility to centralized government and to measures favoring commercial interests led him initially to protest the Federalist program of the Washington administration. As the years passed, however, his fear that the radicalism of the French Revolution would infect the nation brought him to support the Federalist party. Just before his death, on June 6, 1799, he was elected to the state legislature as a Federalist.

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Author: Harry Ammon
Bibliography: Beeman, Richard, Patrick Henry (1974); Henry, William Wirt, Patrick Henry: Life, Correspondence, and Speeches, 3 vols. (1891); Mead, Robert Douthat, Patrick Henry, 2 vols. (1957-62).